automobiles in the progressive era

[2][3] Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivas engine, one of the first internal combustion engines,[4] and an early electric motor. The - industry thrived as new automotive plants were built, along with -. Right now, we're living in an era where we cut transit." The first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in Kent between 1895 and 1898. 6. Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress, Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras, Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform, U.S. The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerized engine management systems. Everything that precedes it contextualizes it, and everything that follows illustrates it. Dating couples found a portable place to be alone as the automobile helped to facilitate relaxed sexual attitudes. That company has been making. [7][8] Later automobile production was marked by the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company in 1908, which became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line.[9]. How scientific is scientific management? At the turn of the 19th century, Americans were facing a range of social . Characterize the tone with which Taylor addresses Schmidt. The Model T sold for $490 in 1914, about one quarter the cost of the previous decade. Acreage important to waterpower was seized by private concerns. Keeps Fast Company - Equipment", "Sibrandus Stratingh (17851841), Professor of Chemistry and Technology", "World's first electric car built by Victorian inventor in 1884", "Data on the Hippomobile and hydrogen/fuel cells", "Henry Ford posing in Ford-Lenoir automobile", "America on the Move; Autocar automobile", "High Tech: Auto Makers' History Revisited", "The birth of the Pony Car - a historical look back", "Claus Luthe, Car Design Innovator, Is Dead at 75", "Historic (classic) vehicles: MOT and vehicle tax", "1974 Oldsmobile Air Cushion Restraint System", "Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million", "China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out", "2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come", "Mitsubishi Recalls 20092014 i-Miev Electric Cars for Faulty Brake Vacuum Pump", "Mitsubishi Motors unveils cheaper i-MiEV electric car", "One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached", "Plug-in Pioneers: Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt Turn Five Years Old", "Tesla Model S is America's Best-Selling Plug-in Car This Year", "New England in Motor History; 1890 to 1916", Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg/Germany, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Transportation photographs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&oldid=1142309693, 1907 Takurithe first entirely Japanese-made gasoline engine car produced by Komanosuke Uchiyama in April 1907. List the words in paragraphs 1 and 2 that characterize scientific management. 2. 1924 Fordor Sedan: Image courtesy of "The Henry Ford", 2006. In paragraph 6 we see that Taylor also relies on data gathering and research to select the little Pennsylvania Dutchman as his first subject. During his lifetime, he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Corrections? Henry Ford testified that the patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the US.[36]. The Progressive Era took place between the 1890s and 1920s. During the Progressive Era, from the 1890s through the 1920s, the idea of progress manifested itself in a variety of ways from cleaning up slums to eliminating government corruption to Americanizing immigrants to standardizing industrial practices. Electrification was an important _____ advance during the Progressive Era. a. indicative****** b. imperative c. conditional d. interrogative Please select the correct verb tense that is used in the sentences below. Who was this legend. Do you understand that? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thus to the extent that Taylor is making an argument, the footnote, which is almost a parody of measurement and data gathering, answers skeptics who might challenge his methods goals and effectiveness. [59] New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Javelin, and Plymouth Barracuda.[60]. German, French, Italian, and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris. Rising unemployment made it difficult for Americans to provide for their families' needs. Many of them also would run down the plank after loading the car. [62][63] The station wagon (estate, break, kombi, universal) body design was popular, as well as increasing sales of noncommercial all-wheel drive off-road vehicles. While seven vehicles were registered, only two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh. Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda (1946), British Standard Vanguard (1947), US Studebaker Champion, and Kaiser (1946), as well as the Czech Tatra T600 Tatraplan (1946) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car (1947). *Chart That States that The rise in Manufacturing Correlates With A Rise in Immigration. [12]:26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults. How does Taylor challenge Schmidt to prove that he is a high-priced man? Yeah I find some stuff like that but not very much because I have to have the whole project only about the progressive era which is what, 1900-1930? To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. Automobile industry involves many industries in it. Wells drove a steam-powered Locomobile. Americans experienced traffic jams for the first time, as well as traffic accidents and fatalities. Their interventions were generally characterized by a desire to control natural forces and impose a degree of order on them. What is Taylors idea of motivation? Note how top-down this method is; workers are never consulted about how best to do their jobs. The social effects of the automobile were as great. The use of autogas (LPG) or natural gas in vehicles can become sporadically popularoften depending on the supply and cost of gasoline. Why does Taylor keep asking Schmidt if he is a high-priced man? When we think of the automobile era, we think of the 1920s. There were numerous experiments in electric vehicles driven by storage batteries. They believed they could do this by eliminating political machines and political bosses. What is the slope orientation (north facing, south facing) and mean height of the transition zone between desert, Question 1 (0.25 points) In terms of customer service issues , which of the following is the least likely reason for using a robust CRM? The automobile transformed the lives of people living in the United States. Perhaps no invention affected American everyday life in the 20th century more than the automobile. To find additional documents inLoc.govconcerning automobiles, search individual collections using such terms asautomobile,car,motor car, orfilling stationandmotel. The Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 1920s Limousine: Image courtesy of Philip Van Doren Stern, A Pictorial History of the Automobile, 1953. Now individuals who could not afford to purchase a car at . A 1929 Debate, The Marshall Plan Speech: Rhetoric and Diplomacy. 1997 saw the Toyota RAV4 EV and the Nissan Altra, the first production battery electric cars to use NiMH and Li-ion batteries (instead of heavier lead acid) respectively. In 1922, enclosed vehicles were finally affordable and becoming more standard, especially in colder climates. Whereas the car had been the plaything of the wealthy in the first two decades of the 20th century, in the 1920s it became widely available to the general population. Note the enclosed body, longer hood, softer curves, one-piece windshields, and wider tires. In the excerpt presented here, his goal is to bring a pig iron handler to his highest efficiency, which means increasing the amount of iron he hauls from 28,000 pounds per day to 106,400 pounds. What does Taylor mean by scientific selection? Confirm the periods you want, then I would search google for those time frames (pick individual years) and things like automobiles, trains, telephones, houses, refrigerators, transportation, ships, dresses (or clothes), or such, somewhat the things you use each day in your own life. [citation needed], Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. The managers assume, for instance, the burden of gathering together all of the traditional knowledge which in the past has been possessed by the workmen and then of classifying. Moreover, it illuminates scientific management by suggesting Taylors confidence in his method and illustrating the extent to which its goals are as much psychological as industrial. View cars prog era.pptx from ELECTIVE NA at Colorado Connections Academy @ Mapleton. The prosperity of the 1920s led to new patterns of consumption, or purchasing consumer goods like radios, cars, vacuums, beauty products or clothing. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged to more than 12L (3.2USgal). [12] Meanwhile, the export trade had begun, with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and the Dutch East Indies. Now a high-priced man does just what hes told to do, and no back talk. [48]:92 Also in 1899, Akron, Ohio, adopted the first self-propelled paddy wagon. The growth of the automobile industry caused an economic revolution across the United States. By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some things were later "re-invented", and credited to someone else. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors.[67]. [32], Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. Kim's non-employee expenses are $3,000 per month. With the final discussion questions How scientific is scientific management? It was small-scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[1][10]. The Oshkosh finished the 323km (201mi) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes and posted an average speed of 9.7km/h (6mph). Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social, political and economic ills by advancing democracy, scientific methods, professionalism and efficiency; regulating businesses, protecting the natural environment, and improving working conditions in factories and living conditions of the urban poor. You see that [railroad] car? Ensure safe working conditions. 2. Henry Ford. [12]:22 Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 18:10. The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed during 1946. Cite evidence from the text to support your description. These scientific Progressives conducted experiments and gathered data in an effort to discover the underlying laws that governed human behavior. (1, That company has been making surfboards since the 1960's present perfect progressive present progressive*** past perfect progressive past progressive We had been listening to the radio when the, When will the tickets go on sale? The logic of Taylors argument can be summarized as follows: a high-priced man behaves in this way; you are a high-priced man; therefore, you will behave in this way. What does the contrast between Schmidts language and Taylors suggest? December 8, 2016 Hmmm. In 1922, enclosed vehicles were finally affordable and becoming more standard, especially in colder climates. Hudson introduced the "step-down" design with the 1948 Commodore, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame, that was one of the first new-design postwar cars made and featured trend-setting slab-side styling. Automobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949, the year that in the US saw the introduction of high-compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors's Oldsmobile and Cadillac brands. Throughout the veteran car era, the automobile was seen more as a novelty than as a genuinely useful device. Music would be made about cars, such as "In My Merry Oldsmobile" (a tradition that continues) while, in 1896, William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), in Decatur, Illinois. So I would think the new and progressive era would be both of those like 1890-1930, would that make sense? [66] The modern era has been one of increasing standardization, platform sharing, and computer-aided designto reduce costs and development timeand of increasing use of electronics for both engine management and entertainment systems. Many post-WWI design changes help to distinguish this new era of driving. Taylor, we discover, is not simply trying to get Schmidt to haul more pig iron; he is trying to get him to buy into a system, scientific management, that, relying as much on psychology as on economics, requires him to recast his image of himself from a worker to a high-priced man.. You know perfectly well that that has very little to do with your being a high-priced man. Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80km (50mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after Horatio Nelson Jackson's successful transcontinental drive across the US in 1903 on a Winton car. [5] Samuel Brown later tested the first industrially applied internal combustion engine in 1826. His second car, built and run in 1875, was the first petrol driven car and is housed at the Vienna Technial Museum. The Bethlehem Steel Company had five blast furnaces, the product of which had been handled by a pig-iron gang for many years. [38] In Springfield, Massachusetts, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. The US-built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster (driver) won the race covering 35,000km (22,000mi) in 169 days. you can end the lesson with debates about larger issues in Progressivism. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for traveling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. 16. [46]:62 (It would not become standard equipment until 1926, on a Rickenbacker. In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.[17][18][19]. People began seeking change. [46]:60, There were social effects, also. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Crewe Wood in England in 1905. Among these were many social scientists, specialists in such disciplines as psychology, economics, sociology, and statistics. The success of American Motors's compact-sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960. Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobiles were marketed internationally. UNAUTHORIZED REPUBLICATION IS A COPYRIGHT VIOLATIONContent Usage Permissions. A number of body types became available in the 1920s. Urban areas grew quickly and, for the first time, a small percentage of Americans (one percent) controlled 70 percent of America's wealth. Vell, den, I vas a high-priced man., 14. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (cofounder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A. Tier 2 vocabulary words are defined in pop-ups (full list at bottom of page).Tier 3 words are explained in brackets. where xxxx is the year, as in They were good, average pig-iron handlers, were under an excellent foreman who himself had been a pig-iron handler, and the work was done, on the whole, about as fast and as cheaply as it was anywhere else at that time. [48]:92. then click on IMAGES, or the descriptive web sites. About how much is in Lee's mutual fund account after 10 years? Maybe like manufactures at the time? Now more. Within the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalized. [43] Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls; for example, many veteran cars use a tiller, rather than a wheel for steering. View full document AUTOMOBILES IN THE PROGRESSIVE AND NEW ERAS THE EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILES Automobiles affected American society in the 1920s in a tremendous way. [27] A later version was propelled by coal gas. Main Menu; by School; by Literature Title; by Subject; by Study Guides; Textbook Solutions Expert Tutors Earn. Armed with such knowledge and with faith in its uplifting and improving power, they optimistically believed they could devise solutions to problems ranging from labor unrest to unsanitary living conditions to inefficient manufacturing. Informational text with moderately complex meaning, text structure, language features, and knowledge demands. We are left to speculate how much they cost Schmidt. 7. then google automobile "xxxxx" View Notes - 22_The_Progressive_Era-NEW_VERSION-2011.pdf from HIST 1302 at Collin County Community College District. ___ was able to sell his Model-T automobile at a price most Americans could afford. Americans have become truly auto-dependent. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry,[46]:6061 as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oil lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils). As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. [42][failed verification] In 1898, Louis Renault had a De Dion-Bouton modified, with fixed drive shaft and differential, making "perhaps the first hot rod in history" and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry. You see that pile of pig iron?, Yes. What was the role of professionalism in the Progressive Era? One of the first pieces of work undertaken by us, when the writer started to introduce scientific management into the Bethlehem Steel Company, was to handle pig iron on task work. [33] Another was made in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc brake. In the early nineteenth century evangelical Protestants undertook reforms out of a desire to purge the world of sin. )[46]:62, Between 1907 and 1912 in the US, the high-wheel motor buggy (resembling the horse buggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over 75 makers including Holsman (Chicago), IHC (Chicago), and Sears (which sold via catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed by the Model T.[12]:65 In 1912, Hupp (in the US, supplied by Hale & Irwin) and BSA (in the UK) pioneered the use of all-steel bodies,[46]:63 joined in 1914 by Dodge (who produced Model T bodies). [58] In 1964, the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment, the pony car. These primary sources also indicate the impact of the automobile on Americans' lives. Cite language from the text to support your characterization. It was our duty to see that the 80,000 tons of pig iron was loaded on to the [railroad] cars . Oh, youre aggravating me. Why does he adopt this tone? When he tells you to pick up a pig and walk, you pick it up and you walk, and when he tells you to sit down and rest, you sit down. Ignore compounding. Well, if you are a high-priced man, you will load that pig iron on that car tomorrow for $1.85. If anyone who is interested in these figures will multiply them and divide them, one into the other, in various ways, he will find that all of the facts stated check up exactly. Road construction created thousands of new jobs, as state and local governments began funding highway design. The first automobile Henry Ford invented was called the Mobile T and it was invented in 1908. The Progressive Era started in the 1890s and ran through the 1920s. [12]:27, In 1867, Canadian jeweler Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his four-wheeled "steam buggy" at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec and again the following year. The reforming spirit of Protestantism inspired many who did not embrace the doctrines of Protestantism or its often dark and pessimistic world view. Box 12256 | Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, Phone: (919) 549-0661 | Fax: (919) 990-8535 | nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce . Describe the temperance movement and prohibition. A study conducted by, Robert and Helen Lynd showed that as a result of, dramatically, ministers complained that people. From careful experiments made with dishwashing over a period of two months and analysis of each of the six steps in the dishwashing process, the following results were obtained: Image: Photograph captioned Carrying away and loading the pigs (pig iron), blast furnace, Pittsburg, Pa, stereograph card by the Keystone View Co., ca. His most important client was Bethlehem Iron Company, later Bethlehem Steel. Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the UK Locomotive Act (1865), which required many self-propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. How does Taylors exchange with Schmidt reveal class differences in the goals of Progressivism? Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Kangxi Emperor. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully-closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. What I want to find out is whether you are a high-priced man or one of these cheap fellows here. Since 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the US, and all of Europe. Ella Bartlett Describes "The Good Old Days", National Expansion and Reform, 1815 - 1880, Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform, U.S. It is likely they were not the only ones. Hmmmm. It is a fact, however, that many of the pig-iron handlers ran with their pig as soon as they reached the inclined plank. Copyright 20102022 National Humanities Center. Could the first sentence of paragraph 7 serve as the thesis sentence of this entire text? During 1903, Rambler standardized on the steering wheel[44] and moved the driver's position to the left-hand side of the vehicle. For those who are skeptical, therefore, the following data relating to this work are given: First. The rise of pickup trucks in the US and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by Andr Citron with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). [12]:23 By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the US. He can't afford that amount, so he uses a credit card with 20% annual interest. [15][16][self-published source] It induced the state of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a US$10,000 (equivalent to $246,758 in 2021) award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. In 1806, the Swiss engineer Franois Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. Support your answer with evidence from the text. During the Progressive Era, from the 1890s through the 1920s, the idea of progress manifested itself in a variety of ways from cleaning up slums to eliminating government corruption to Americanizing immigrants to standardizing industrial practices. Kaishinsha was the first automobile manufacturing business in Japan. America's "Ace of Aces" during World War I, was also one of the greats of auto racing. Participation in the Great War (World War I), Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945. If Kim wants $2,000 in profit per month, how many employees can Kim have if each employee costs $1,000 per. Even the federal government became involved with the Federal Highway Act of 1921. Dozens of spin-off industries blossomed. For goodness sake answer my questions, and dont waste any more of my time. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating-brush carburetor", made the engine design innovative. During the Progressive Era In the 1900's the united states had a period of peace and in this time businesses and cities flourished. Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the 1980s. The first, automobile Henry Ford invented was called the Mobile T and it was, invented in 1908. Although the technology for the automobile existed in the 19th century, it took Henry Ford to make the useful gadget accessible to the American public. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [12]:7 Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multivalve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultrarich. Of course the demand for vulcanized rubber skyrocketed. 19141917 Dattogoa two-cylinder, 10hp (7,500W) "all-Japanese" car manufactured in seven units by the Kaishinsha Motor Works operated by Masujiro Hashimoto in Tokyo, while importing, assembling, and selling British cars. (2) A and C. (3) B and C. (4) B and D. (2) A and C. Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the charts below as well as your knowledge of social studies. [Footnote in original] Return to text. He ends the exchange by motivating Schmidt to prove that he is a high-priced man. At this point students can explore Taylors idea of motivation. Thus Taylor knows he would be especially susceptible to a proposition, however daunting, that promises to raise his status and bring him more income. The modern era has also seen rapidly improving fuel efficiency and engine output. By 1920, there were over 8 million registrations. Paragraph 5 and the footnote illustrate the importance of research and data gathering in scientific management and, indeed, in the social sciences that fueled many Progressive reforms. That was about equal to the number of immigrants who had arrived in the previous 40 years combined. During this time, known as the Progressive Era, the movement's goals involved strengthening the national government and addressing people's economic, social, and political demands. 1. Ford reduced options, even stating that the public could choose whatever color car they wanted so long as it was black. The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans. You have seen this man here before, havent you?. How does scientific management embody the values of Progressivism? About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fueled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras The inventor Henry Ford was the inventor of the first automobile. A major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of pontoon style, in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body. [12]:2023 Bolle, using a 650cc (40cuin) engine of his own design, enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45km/h (28mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourville rally. . For more information on text complexity see these resources from achievethecore.org. During the 19th century, attempts were made to introduce practical steam-powered vehicles. Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen had built a working engine in 1867. By 1900, the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries, including Belgium (home to Vincke, that copied Benz; Germain, a pseudo-Panhard; and Linon and Nagant, both based on the Gobron-Brilli),[12]:25 Switzerland (led by Fritz Henriod, Rudolf Egg, Saurer, Johann Weber, and Lorenz Popp),[12]:25 Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden, Hammel (by A. F. Hammel and H. U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, which only built one car, ca. The Progressive Era was an enlightened age, which transformed various sectors in society. Note where Taylor uses phrases like You know perfectly well and You know it just as well as I do. Why does he use them?

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