effect of microwave on human body ppt

PubMed 1997;44:99104. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Qutob et al. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2004;155:3743. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Dasdag et al. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2002;64:31353. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Thus, Cosquer et al. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. 2013;34:26474. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 2003;80:177. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Biol Chem. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Am J Epidemiol. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. 1994;8:714. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2003;41:26887. millimeter, or equivalently. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Brain Res. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Gold PE. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. The effects are usually . Neurotoxicology. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. 2013;17:711. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. PubMed N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Nat Med. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2006;5:389. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Clin Neurophysiol. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. These conclusions are presented in Table2. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. 2002;5:18995. Richter et al. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. However,. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. J Natl Cancer Inst. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Cassel et al. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Cobb et al. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Cookies policy. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . 2007;96:218196. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Phot J. PubMed Central Bioelectromagnetics. J Natl Cancer Inst. Privacy J Med Food. Mol Cell Biol. Neuroreport. Electromagn Biol Med. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 2008;86:718. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Rev Environ Health. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Google Scholar. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Interphone study group. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2003;140:147. BMJ. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Mol Brain Res. Springer Nature. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2005;438:18592. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Biochem J. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 2012;3:3440. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2009;158:12639. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Fragopoulou et al. 2014;53:22230. 2001;12:72931. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Google Scholar. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. PubMed [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Google Scholar. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. daily life. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Verma et al. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. CAS Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Zhao et al. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2006;398:2537. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Suhhova et al. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 2013;73:4737. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 1988;9:33745. 2016;25:31827. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Mack et al. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Merola et al. CAS PubMedGoogle Scholar. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Int J Epidemiol. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. 2014;70:84555. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. [42] found similar results. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 2015;56:2618. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Dasdag et al. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Gene. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Clinics. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2012;25:1828. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2004;25:4957. PubMed One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Google Scholar. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Bull Exp Biol Med. Trends Cell Biol. Wang et al. Smythe JW, Costall B. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2012;21:6209. Behav Brain Res. Google Scholar. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. J Neuro-Oncol. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Singh et al. 2005;1042:1018. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. 2015;148:150. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. J Electromagnet Anal. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. 2009;27:556572. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;397:2239. 2012;62:22336. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Neuroreport. 2014;12:75. 2008;49:16370. Google Scholar. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Cell Biochem Biophys. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Chin J Indus Hyg. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. By using this website, you agree to our Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Cancer Res. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Electromagn Biol Med. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Int J Radiat Biol. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Google Scholar. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. 2011;35:36978. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Wang et al. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. J Mol Neurosci. Bioelectromagnetics. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. 2013;23:306. 1999;9:3438. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 2000;11:4135. 2013;32:27380. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. as it have a harmful side. 2006;27:16471. PubMed Central 2002;13:11921. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3].

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